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Football Hooligans: Knowing the
Score (Explorations in Anthropology S.) -
Gary Armstrong
Synopsis
This book examines how groups of young male fans come to be defined and
identified as football 'hooligans and challenges the assumption that violence is
wholly central to the match-day experience for these supporters. Rather, the
creation of identity is at the root of hooliganism, with all the cultural values
and rituals, codes of honour and shame, and communal patterns of behaviour and
consumption that accompany it. The author locates hooliganism historically
within the milieu of an industrial working class culture and examines ideas of
performance and ritual encompassed in idealized masculinity. The book is based
on a decades in-depth study of the 'Blades, a group of football fans supporting
Sheffield United, who are notorious for their hooliganism. It contributes to the
debate on football hooliganism by challenging many traditionally-held notions of
hooliganism and by providing the first anthropological study of football
violence. The book also debunks the myth that violence between football fans is
organized by 'generals operating within hierarchically structured groups.
Falsehoods such as this, it is argued, are advanced to augment the powers of the
police and media in redefining and controlling particular groups of individuals
whose behaviour does not fit easily within increasingly constrictive codes of
social conduct. This book represents essential reading not only for
undergraduates of social anthropology, sociology and criminology but also for
the general reader with an interest in football culture.
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